@journal { , title = {Spines of the porcupine fish: Structure, composition, and mechanical properties}, address = {}, booktitle = {J Mech Behav Biomed Mater}, chapter = {}, edition = {2017/03/10}, editor = {}, eprint = {}, howpublished = {}, institution = {}, journal = {}, key = {}, location = {}, month = {Feb 28}, note = {}, number = {}, organization = {}, pages = {}, publisher = {}, series = {}, school = {}, url = {}, volume = {}, year = {2017}, isbn = {1878-0180}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.029}, language = {eng}, accession_number = {28274703}, short_title = {Spines of the porcupine fish: Structure, composition, and mechanical properties}, author_address = {Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0418, USA. Electronic address: fysu@eng.ucsd.edu. National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0608, USA. Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0418, USA. Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0418, USA; Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA.}, keywords = {Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Nanoindentation, Porcupine fish, X-ray microscopy,}, abstract = {This paper explores the structure, composition, and mechanical properties of porcupine fish spines for the first time. The spine was found to be composed of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite, protein (collagen), and water using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Microstructures have mineralized fibrillar sheets in the longitudinal direction and in a radial orientation in the transverse direction that were observed using light and electron microscopy. Based on the images, the hierarchical structure of the spine shows both concentric and radial reinforcement. Mechanical properties were obtained using cantilever beam and nanoindentation tests. A tapered cantilever beam model was developed and compared to that of a uniform cantilever beam. The tapered beam model showed that while the stresses experienced were similar to those of the uniform beam, the location of the maximum stress was near the distal region of the beam rather than at the base, which allows the porcupine fish to conserve energy and resources if the spine is fractured.}, call_number = {}, label = {}, research_notes = {}, author = {Su , F. Y. and Bushong , E. A. and Deerinck , T. J. and Seo , K. and Herrera , S. and Graeve , O. A. and Kisailus , D. and Lubarda , V. A. and McKittrick , J.} }